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Profiles 2/2010 The Elster-Instromet customer magazine Biogas Biogas ­ an energy source with a future · Industrial diaphragm gas meter with temperature compensation · Smart metering: medium-sized utility packages · The new Orpheus ­ unleashed! Customer magazine online: www.elster-instromet.com

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2 E d i t o r i a l Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 Biogas ­ an energy source with a future In this edition, we have concentrated on the topic of biogas. In the articles, you will learn about Elster's contribution to unlocking the potential of this environmentally-friendly energy source. You will also understand how this medium is a chance for the future. This topic is gaining significance in Europe, and in Germany in particular there is a strong trend developing towards the use of biogas. By the end of 2010, over 5000 biogas plants with an annual capacity of approx. 4.1 billion cubic metres are expected, which will subsequently rise to an estimated 16.1 billion cubic metres per annum by 2020. As the use of biogas is becoming more important in other countries as well, now is the time to dedicate ourselves to this topic. The targets for the injection of upgraded gas into the natural gas grid are ambitious. If the expected injection amount for 2010 is only 0.18 billion cubic metres, the target for 2020 is already set to be 6 billion. By 2030, it should then have climbed as high as 10 billion. For measuring gas volumes and gas quality with a view to injecting upgraded biogas into existing gas grids, we are able to offer the required metering technology right through to complete biogas injection stations. With regard to raw biogas networks and satellite CHPPs, questions are currently being asked concerning measuring devices for non-conditioned biogas. The metering requirements in such systems create a task that can deviate from usual metering technology. Gas temperature, relative humidity and sulphur content are just some of the keywords of volumetric metering and volume correction which require special measures. Even for gas quality analysis, the systems that are currently known do not necessarily provide a solution. Our tasks for the future are therefore finding the solution to all of these challenges, and implementing it within our product portfolio. As one of the leading manufacturers of gas measuring and control equipment, Elster has experience with all sorts of tasks relating to metering technology. When planning injection plants, you can rely on the high-quality components and turnkey system solutions from Elster. Even when it comes to biogas metering, we offer you smart solutions. Our biogas team will be happy to advise you: biogas@elster.com Publisher: Elster GmbH 55252 Mainz-Kastel, Germany www.elster-instromet.com Editorial staff: Gudrun Biedermann, Elster Germany Paul Webster, Elster Instromet UK K. C. Tan, Elster-Instromet Singapore Nick Williams, Elster Instromet UK Please write to: Europe/Africa/America/Australia: Elster GmbH Gudrun Biedermann Steinern Strasse 19­21 55252 Mainz-Kastel, Germany T +49 (6134) 6 05-2 18 E gudrun.biedermann@elster.com Asia: Elster-Instromet Sdn. Bhd. (Singapore Branch) K. C. Tan 160 Paya Lebar Road #04-01 Orion@Paya Lebar Singapore 409022 T +65 62477728 E kctan@elster-instromet.com.sg England: Elster Metering Ltd. Steve Case Tollgate Business Park Beaconside, Stafford Staffordshire ST16 3HS, England T +44 1785 275306 E steve.case@gb.elster.com Authors: Frank Michels Vice President Marketing & Sales Metering BU Gas Europe & RoW Hans Arp, Germany Addy Baksteen, The Netherlands Michael Franz, Germany Dr. Ulrich George, Germany Michael Halm, Germany Roberto Heider, Germany Dr. Joachim Kastner, Germany Thomas Kettner, Germany Ernst Kiel, Germany Jörg Klärner, Germany Hans Kullmann, Germany Volker Lötz-Dauer, Germany Geoffrey Riggs, UK Dr. Dieter Stirnberg, Germany Nick Williams, UK Articles signed by the author reflect his/her personal opinion. Page 1: ©iStockphoto.com/logoboom and ©iStockphoto.com/Fentino Page 3: ©iStockphoto.com/Jan-Otto Page 4: ©iStockphoto.com/Zocha_K Page 16: ©iStockphoto.com/mvp64 Page 24: ©iStockphoto.com/holgs Publishing dates: Three editions for the year 2010

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Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 P r o d u c t s 3 Energy from biomass: What importance does bioenergy have worldwide? As part of the climate conference in 1997 in Kyoto, an additional protocol was concluded, which stated that emissions of environmentally harmful greenhouse gases should be significantly reduced by 2012. The signing of this protocol may be seen as the birth of industrial development of renewable energies from the sun and wind and of the consistent development and more efficient use of existing hydroelectric plants. In the wake of these renewable energies, the almost CO2 neutral use of biogas made from renewable raw materials has been being developed to an industrial level of use. For the greater part, however, merely as a direct conversion from biogas into electrical energy. It only required a small step to upgrade this biogas and inject it into the gas grid. The European Parliament ensured with Directive 2003/55/EC that biogas may be injected into gas grids across Europe. The implementation of item 24 of this Directive in national directives is the job of the member states. In Germany, this has been implemented by way of the Gas Network Access Ordinance, for example. Directive 98/30/EC states: "Member States should ensure that, taking into account the necessary quality requirements, biogas and gas from biomass or other gas types are granted non-discriminatory access to the gas system, provided such access is permanently compatible with the relevant technical rules and safety standards. These rules and standards should ensure that these gases can technically and safely be injected into and transported through the natural gas system and should also address the chemical characteristics of these gases." Gas pipeline network in Europe with an overall length of more than 200,000 kilometres In 2008, approximately 80 plants were in operation across Europe, and the greatest producer of biogas was Sweden. As of

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4 P r o d u c t s Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 2009, approximately 50% of the biologically produced methane being generated in Europe was being produced in Germany, thereby replacing Sweden as the greatest producer. While in Germany approximately 75% of biogas is produced from agricultural sources, such as slurry and renewable raw materials, in 2008 in Great Britain, biogas was produced predominantly from landfill gases and in France approx. 50% from sewage or fermentation gases and 50% from landfill gases. The conditions for access to the gas grid are regulated very differently, although the quality of the gas is to be demonstrated in accordance with the appropriate valid regulations in the individual EU states. In Switzerland, the Directive SVGW G 13 applies, while in Austria, the ÖVGW Codes of Practice G 13 and G 31 apply. In Sweden, the standard SS155438 "Motorbränslen ­ Biogas som bränsle till snabbgående ottomotorer" was issued as early as the end of the 1990s. In Sweden, the gas has not yet been injected into the transport grid, but only into regional distribution networks so far. For all injections into international gas transport grids, the provisions of EASEE (European Association for the Streamlining of Energy Exchange) apply, which may slightly deviate from the relevant national regulations. fuel made from biomass, together with the high efficiency of this technology, offer for the most part an economic alternative to the traditional energy carriers. The industrial sector has recognized this and uses the most biomass, compared with other consumer groups. In Asia, biogas has already been being used intensively since the middle of the 20th century, but only in small holdings. Including India, approximately eight million biogas plants are in existence, but the gas produced from these is mostly used for heating or cooking. These plants need to be optimized both in terms of technology and process engineering in order to be able to use the energy produced sensibly. The technology required for this is being developed in industrialized countries, creating enormous potential for technical collaboration with these countries as in all newly industrializing countries. Japan is the pioneer in Asia for using bioenergy. Pollution in the Tokyo region, caused by landfills and CO2 emissions, should be significantly reduced by using biomass from waste material. In 2020, Tokyo wants 20% of its energy to be produced from renewable sources. In accordance with the relevant publications, biogas should also be injected into the pipe system in Tokyo city as of 2011. The increase in the worldwide energy demand and the associated price development requires vigorous efforts to increase the proportion of bioenergy. For all the metrological requirements relating to the use of biogas, whether this is for recording electrical energy or gas flow rates, or for measuring the gas quality, Elster offers suitable measuring instruments for plant control, and for the regulation and billing of the relevant energy. Turbine and rotary gas meters are used here and have proved their worth in many biogas plants across Germany. For the injection of upgraded biologically produced methane into natural gas grids, we are happy to plan complete system solutions, including pressure adjustment where applicable. Take advantage of our experience! Speak to your Elster Account Executive or send an enquiry directly to: biogas@elster.com Hans Kullmann hans.kullmann@elster.com into account, considerable investment would be needed for upgrading plants with the necessary measurement and control equipment for the injection of biologically produced methane into distribution networks or transport grids. In by far the largest proportion of biogas plants however, the plants are employed for directly using biogas to produce electrical energy. In many countries, a fixed amount is paid for injection of electricity generated from renewable energies, which strongly influences the profitability of these plants. The traditional markets in Central Europe have been the greatest so far and are constantly expanding. A particularly attractive feature, according to a study, is the direct injection of biogas into the gas grid. Private and communal energy suppliers are piling into this market. Both the construction of new plants and the retrofitting of existing plants for gas injection will therefore continue to increase. New markets are opening up in Eastern Europe, such as the Czech Republic, Slovakia or Hungary, however predominantly for the direct production of electricity. The market development in these countries is therefore very much comparable with that in Germany. The potential of biogas Following current investigation, approx. 53 plants in Europe inject upgraded biogas into public gas grids. This year, a further 47 plants were planned, the majority being in Germany. Further investigation led to the finding that approx. 89 billion kWh have been generated from biogas in 2010. This potential could further develop to such an extent that it could climb to 500 billion kWh/annum by 2030. Injection capacity of biogas in Europe Injection capacity [Nm³/h] 20.000 16.000 12.000 8.000 4.000 0 What importance does bioenergy ­ particularly biogas ­ have outside Europe? The USA's economic stimulus package agreed in 2009 clearly places the focus on both renewable energies and energy efficiency and has laid out USD 70 billion for this purpose. The popularity of biomass as a versatile energy carrier is growing in the USA. Electricity, water and an y Ne la the nd rs Sw ed en nd la er ce an Sw itz e Au Fr str i a Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena), Data as of: April 2010 If all the individual national targets for the injection of biogas were now to be taken

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Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 P r o d u c t s 5 Biogas ­ a promising prospect? The answer to this question is clearly "yes" in the most varied of fields. In principle, biogas could replace a considerable quantity of natural gas. To achieve this, however, the technical possibilities of biogas production, the available agricultural land and all usable raw materials produced would have to be utilized to their full potential. Cultivating energy crops is seen as the most important source of raw materials for the production of biogas. The energy content of grass is between 170 and max. 213 kWh/t and that of maize silage is between 198 and 335 kWh/t. Since energy crops are cultivated near to biogas production sites, the energy gained from them is practically carbon neutral. Biogas gives us the opportunity to improve our carbon footprint. Yet there are still a few hurdles to overcome before biogas makes its way into the natural gas grid. At the end of 2009, 23 plants piped approx. 100 million cubic metres of conditioned gas into the gas grid. Many people would like there to be more of these plants. According to a survey, the potential biogas capacity is approx. 24 billion cubic metres per year, i.e. less than 1% of the potential has been utilized in the past year. Biogas as a job generator The entire renewable energy sector is a job generator, employing around 280,000 people at present. In the past year alone, the number of jobs has increased by about 80,000. Biogas is seen a guarantor for the development of jobs, especially in rural areas. Biogas production plant Kielen, Luxembourg a share of 4.5% for renewable energies by 2020. If you observe the bar chart, you will see that there is still considerable potential in Europe. Biogas as a technology transfer The German biogas industry generated over 650 million euros in 2008 of which more than 20% came from abroad. The technological advance is based on the experience of more than 4000 biogas plants and around 23 biogas injection rigs in Germany. Raw materials for the production of biogas Renewable raw materials (RRM) currently provide the lion's share of primary materials for the production of biogas. Everyone expects supermarket shelves to be full until the shop closes which, along with various other factors, results in around 200 tons of foodstuffs being thrown away in Germany alone. This organic waste will become increasingly important in the future ­ the challenge is to use the energy potential of this waste wisely and profitably. Where do the market opportunities lie? There are a wide variety of reasons to account for the fact that so few plants have been built and we cannot list them all here. Therefore let us focus instead on the market opportunities open to biogas. The expected revision of the German Gas Network Access Ordinance GasNZV could mean that the expense situation for those willing to inject biogas into the gas grid improves, and this could lead to a higher demand for gas injection. In other European countries too, biogas is consistently on the road to success. In Poland, where the biogas market is still in the fledgling stages, approx. 2000 biogas plants are expected by 2020. In France, approval procedures for biogas plants have been simplified and in Russia, an ordinance has been issued stipulating A long way down the line AirLNG wants to set new standards with new aircraft fuels. The answer is called "jet LNG" (liquefied natural gas: LNG and BioLNG) as regards price, environment and climate footprint as well as availability and resources. Both base products would ideally be combined to form an extremely clean, liquid fuel. "Imagination is more important than knowledge, for knowledge is limited." With this quote by the physicist Albert Einstein, I would like to make an appeal: it calls for a great deal of imagination from all participants in order to increase the proportion of biologically produced methane over the next few years. Environmentally friendly production and processing of energy should likewise be focussed on here ­ as I would put it, in harmony with nature! Hans Kullmann hans.kullmann@elster.com Biogas as a fuel A vehicle powered by biologically produced methane with an internal combustion engine can do around 70,000 km with a fuel consumption rate of 7.4 l per 100 km. The required amount of fuel can be produced on one hectare of cultivable land. Fuel made up of 10 or 20% biogas is already available in 75 filling stations. The second filling pump allowing you to fill up with biogas only was installed as early as the summer of 2009.

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6 P r o d u c t s Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 Biogas: Integrated gas quality analysis for biogas injection into the gas grid Biogas provides a valuable contribution to energy production from renewable sources. Upgrading and injection into the public gas grid allows highly efficient combined heat and power generation anywhere in the supply grid. Such biogas plants require gas quality analysis at different positions and with different measuring tasks. For gas injection into the grid, the requirements of product quality and custody fiscal metering must be fulfilled. This article describes the various aspects of gas quality analysis in biogas plants. It also presents a practical example of an integrated gas chromatographic measurement system with H2 and O2 detection and its application in a compact injection rig. Fig. 1: Development of the number of biogas plants and the resultant installed electrical power in Germany2 5,000 1st EEC amendment 2nd EEC amendment 4,000 Number of plants Significance of biogas The development of renewable energies is an important element in the global efforts for lowering anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In 2008, the fraction of renewable energies in end-user consumption in Germany was 9.5%. In this respect, the use of biomass made the greatest contribution by far1. Electricity generation from renewable energies has almost quintupled since 1990 and now amounts to approximately 15%, and this huge increase was reached primarily using wind energy followed by the use of biomass1. Among the numerous forms of biogenic fuels, biogas makes the second biggest contribution to electricity generation after solid fuels1. The number of biogas plants, as well as installed electrical output, has strongly risen over the last years, in particular since the 1st amendment of the German Renewable Energy Act EEG in 2004. 4780 plants and electrical output of 1600 MW are expected for the end of 2009 (Fig. 1)2. 3,000 2,690 665 1,608 1,760 190 1,360 160 1,043 111 850 78 49 2,010 247 3,280 950 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 2,000 1,000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009* *Forecasting Number of plants Installed electrical power Generation and composition of biogas Biogas is produced through the microbial decomposition (digestion/fermentation) of organic materials in a moist, anaerobic environment. Renewable primary products (energy plants, such as grain, maize, sunflowers, grass, ...), animal excrement, biological waste and waste material from industry and agriculture all serve as raw materials. The decomposition process involves 4 stages, each performed using different bacteria2: 1. Hydrolysis: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates fatty acids, amino acids, sugar 2. Acidification: fatty acids, amino acids, sugar short-chain organic acids, alcohols 3. Acetification: short-chain organic acids, alcohols acetic acid, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, among others 4. Methane production: acetic acid, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, among others biogas = methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, among others Installed electrical power [MWel] 3,711 1,270 4,780 4,099 1,600 1,600 1,435 1,400

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Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 P r o d u c t s 7 Table 1 illustrates the typical composition of the thus generated biogas. Table 1: Typical (raw) biogas composition2 Methane CH4 Carbon dioxide CO2 Steam H2O Hydrogen sulphide H2S Trace gases 50­75% 25­45% 2­7% < 1% < 2% In order to comply with the technical specifications for injection into natural gas grids, the raw biogas has to be upgraded. The most important process other than cleaning the gas is the reduction of CO2. The following technologies are used for this3: · Pressure swing adsorption · Physical absorption · Chemical absorption · Water scrubber system · Selexol method · Membrane-based separation · Cryogenic method The methods are differentiated by the level of energy efficiency, the mass efficiency (methane slip) and the working media. Moreover, different additional measures for dealing with moisture and H2S are also required. The attractiveness of the mobility of power-heat cogeneration through the upgrading and injection of biogas into natural gas grids has lead to a strong dynamic in planning and building the relevant plants over the last years. In 2006, the first two plants were commissioned, by the middle of 2009 there were 19 plants injecting gas and by the end of 2009 35 plants are expected to be in operation7. 1. operational gas quality analysis of the raw biogas for process control For controlling the gas generation process in the fermenting unit, numerous parameters can be measured, such as temperature, pH value, viscosity, dry mass content, ammonium nitrogen and ultimately the composition of the raw gas8. The standard measured variables for this are the concentrations of CH4, CO2, H2, O2 and H2S. 2. operational gas quality analysis of the raw biogas for fiscal energy measurement If there is a commercial boundary between the systems gas production and upgrading, or between different gas producers, billing of the energy amounts at this interface may be required. For this, the volume of gas in standard state on the one hand and the calorific value on the other must be determined. The gas quality analysis system delivers the calorific value directly or determines it from the measurement of the crucial energy-carrying gas components; these are primarily CH4 and, if applicable, hydrogen H2; the fraction of hydrogen sulphide H2S can, however, be neglected. A great challenge for volumetric metering and gas quality analysis lies in the high level of moisture and the possible corrosiveness of the raw biogas at this measuring point. Measurement may be exempt from calibration under certain conditions9. 3. official gas quality analysis of the upgraded biogas for fiscal energy measurement upon injection into the gas grid At this measuring point an official determination of the injected energy amount is needed for billing between gas producer and gas distributor, as well as for billing in the downstream gas grid. Energy measurement again comprises official volumetric metering and calorific value measurement. The calorific value can be determined directly or from a gas analysis. Often the upgraded biogas must be adapted to the gas parameters in the gas grid before it is injected; conditioning may therefore take place, for example by mixing with LPG or air. In this case, energy measurement may be required before and after conditioning in order to record the renewable and fossil fuel percentages separately. Official energy measurement and operational product Utilization of biogas, upgrading and injection In the simplest case, biogas can be burnt in a heating boiler and the heat may then be used directly. But the most efficient utilization is on-site cogeneration of heat and power, where the gas is used in internal combustion engines to generate electricity and the waste heat is used directly, e.g. in local heat networks. Often however, there is no reasonable possibility for using the waste heat from biogas plants in the surrounding area. In this case, it may be advantageous to upgrade the raw biogas to the standard of natural gas and inject it into natural gas grids3, 4. For this, the injected gas must conform to certain technical requirements, which are laid down in the DVGW Codes of Practice G 2605 and G 2626. The gas specifications affect both combustion parameters and individual material components. The most important specifications are summarized in Table 2. Measuring points and measuring tasks of gas quality analysis Biogas plants with gas production, upgrading and injection systems may require gas quality analysis at different points (Fig. 2). Table 2: Standard specifications for upgraded biogas for injection into natural gas grids5,6 Wobbe index Calorific value Relative density Carbon dioxide CO2 Hydrogen H2 Oxygen O2 Hydrogen sulphide H2S H2O dewpoint Hydrocarbon dewpoint Group L: 10.5­13 kWh/m3 Group H: 12.8­15.7 kWh/m3 8.4­13.1 kWh/m3 0.55­0.75 < 6 mol% < 5 mol% < 0.5 mol% (damp gas)) < 3 mol% (dry gas) < 5 mg/m3 < floor temperature at line pressure < floor temperature at line pressure

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8 P r o d u c t s Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 Fig. 2: Biogas plants with gas production, upgrading and injection Biogas production plant System boundary Biogas upgrading plant Biogas injection rig Gas grid Gas quality analysis Substrate Obligatory calibration Obligatory calibration operational metering for process control Fiscal metering (official?) official fiscal injection metering quality thus require extensive gas quality analysis with the following typical measured variables: CH4, CO2, N2, H2, O2, C3, iC4, nC4, and H2S where applicable. Upgrading raw biogas and injecting this into natural gas grids thus presents new requirements for custody and operational gas measuring technology, particularly for gas quality analysis technology. One aspect in this is the product quality of the injected gas pursuant to DVGW Codes of Practice G 260 and G 262 (see also page 5 "Utilization of biogas"). Monitoring the product quality requires corresponding operational measuring technology. A further aspect is the fiscal billing of the injected energy amounts, for which the References 1 Entwicklung der Erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland im Jahr 2008, Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien ­ Statistik [Development of renewable energies in Germany in 2008, Working Group on Renewable Energies ­ Statistics] (AGEE-Stat), Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Kl lll 1, version June 2009 2 Biogas ­ eine Einführung [Biogas ­ an introduction], Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), 6th revised version, July 2009 3 Studie Einspeisung von Biogas in das Erdgasnetz [Study of biogas injection into the natural gas grid], Institut für Energetik und Umwelt gGmbH, DBI Gas- und Umwelttechnik GmbH, 2nd edition, Leipzig 2006 4 Biogas und Umwelt ­ Ein Überblick [Biogas and the environment ­ an overview], 1st edition, 2008, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety 5 DVGW Code of Practice G 260: Gas quality analysis, DVGW Deutsche Vereinigung des Gas- und Wasserfaches e.V., Bonn, January 2000 German Verification Act, the German Weights and Measures Regulations and the recognized technical rules of the German Weights and Measures Regulations apply. The Technical Directive TR G 14 of the German National Metrological Institute (PTB)10 defines the requirements for measuring biogas with regard to gas volumetric metering, volume correction and above all gas quality analysis. Particular attention should be given here to the components hydrogen H2 and oxygen O2. These appear in practice usually only in small concentrations, but they can influence considerably the measuring qualities of the calibrationcapable gas quality analysis instruments currently designed for natural gas, in particular gas chromatographs. In this respect, calorimeters, which determine the calorific value directly from combustion, are relatively non-critical. Nevertheless, for calibratable gas volumetric metering and monitoring of the technical gas parameters pursuant to DVGW G 260 and G 262 calorimeters must be complemented with other measuring procedures; together, a technically complex overall solution thus presents itself. Gas chromatographs on the other hand offer an integral solution for fiscal and technical measuring tasks. Gas chromatographs currently approved for natural gas may be used for biogas with an appropriate expansion to the approval. The components not measured in each case, hydrogen H2 and oxygen O2, must nevertheless not exceed certain limit values; these are xH2 < 0.2 mol%, xO2 < 1 mol%10. Adherence to the limit values must be monitored using additional suitable operational measuring instruments. Some approved gas chromatographs do in fact also perform oxygen measurements, but the ideal would be a calibratable integral measuring system which also detects hydrogen, making external add-on units superfluous. Dr. Joachim Kastner j.kastner@elster-instromet.com Dr. Dieter Stirnberg d.stirnberg@elster-instromet.com 6 DVGW Code of Practice G 262: Use of gases produced from renewable sources in public gas distribution networks, DVGW Deutsche Vereinigung des Gas- und Wasserfaches e.V., Bonn, November 2004 7 Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena): Project "biogaspartner", www.biogaspartner.de/index. php?id=11871, 28.09.2009 8 Gülzower Fachgespräche, Band 27, Steuern, Regeln bei der Biogaserzeugung [Vol. 27, Measurement, control and regulating during biogas production], 15 November 2007, Convention Center, Hannover Trade Fair, Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. 9 German Weights and Measures Regulations EO 1988, last amended on 13.12.2007, Annex A to § 8, 28e 10 German National Metrological Institute, Technical Directive TR-G 14 Extract from gwf Gas/Erdgas, 11/2009, 652-657; printed by kind permission of Oldenbourg Industrieverlag (publishing house).

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Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 P r o d u c t s 9 Practical example: Gas chromatograph for integral biogas injection measurement Especially for the needs of biogas injection measurement, Elster-Instromet has now developed a gas chromatograph which addresses the requirements of the official gas quality analysis and the crucial product quality parameters pursuant to DVGW G 260 and G 262 in a single unit (Fig. 1). The measuring range also covers conditioning with LPG/air. The unit comprises two components, the measuring unit and the process computer. The measuring unit is housed in a pressuretight encapsulated, explosion-proof housing and is equipped with up to 5 process gas connections, which are fed forward via a double-block-and-bleed circuit. The process gas can be measured with a single unit using the integral stream switching system before and after conditioning to record the renewable and fossil energy contents separately. The device uses two micro gas chromatographic analysis modules, which determine the gas components H2, O2, N2, CH4, CO2, C2, C3, iC4 and nC4 using two different columns. An individual carrier gas, helium or argon, can be supplied to each module in order to achieve an optimum analytical performance. With small compromises in the signal-to-noise ratio, both modules can even be used with the carrier gas argon. Fig. 1: Gas chromatograph for integrated gas quality analysis upon biogas injection EnCal 3000 Calibration gas Column 1 H2, O2, N2 Column 2: CH4, CO2, C2, C3, iC4, nC4 Carrier gas Ar Sample gas Carrier gas He Fig. 2: Chromatogram of a test gas with a peak of 21 ppm H2S 21ppm H2S Current developments deal with the integrated measurement of hydrogen sulphide H2S in order to be able also to monitor this parameter of product quality upon injection. Figure 2 shows the chromatogram of a test gas with 21 ppm H2S, the aim is to detect approx. 3 ppm corresponding to a limit value of 5 g/m3. Recent developments achieved a limit of detection of 2 ppm. The measuring instrument described has been registered at the German National Metrological Institute (PTB) for a type approval. Once approval has been granted, custody applications can be implemented as follows: the calibrated energy measurement is taken using the standard variant

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P r o d u c t s Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 of the gas chromatograph EnCal 3000 for natural gas approved for biogas; a second device in the new variant for biogas described here works in parallel and monitors the specified limit values for the components hydrogen and oxygen. Once approval has been granted, the natural gas GC can be removed and the GC for biogas will be officially operated following calibration. Fig. 4: System diagram Biogas injection rig with LPG conditioning and official volumetric metering and gas quality analysis upstream and downstream of the conditioning system. The LPG mixture is controlled with a continuous gas quality analyzer gas-lab Q1. gas-net F1 2 bar Upgraded biogas or biologically produced methane Stat. mixer Injection capable and conditioned bio natural gas EnCal 3000 2 stream (biogas) Biogas injection rig at erdgasschwaben in Altenstadt erdgas-schwaben gmbh operates a biogas upgrading plant in Altenstadt (Schongau district), which upgrades biogas from food leftovers to bio natural gas. Food leftovers have a huge energy density and are therefore well suited to the production of bio natural gas. erdgas-schwaben gmbh found an ideal partner in Johann Emter, Ökopower. Ökopower produces biogas from leftovers which it receives partly from the canteens of municipal or public bodies (hospitals, administration offices, ...) and partly from food wholesalers in order to put spoilt food or food which has passed its use-by date, for example, to good use. The bio natural gas plant in Altenstadt is the 6th project for biologically produced energy by erdgas-schwaben gmbh. 15,000 households can therefore be supplied with biologically produced fuel. The biogas upgrading plant delivers desulphurized, dry bio natural gas with a high percentage of biologically produced methane. The water scrubber technology is used for this. Fig. 3: Container with the biogas injection rig comprising conditioning, odorizing and official volumetric metering and gas quality analysis P LPG Regulator gas-lab Q1 as a quick gas quality analyzer for gas conditioning control For injecting bio natural gas, Elster GmbH has planned and set up a biogas injection rig together with Schwaben Netz GmbH, whose maximum injection rate amounts to approx. 800 Nm³/h (Fig. 3). The injection pressure is approx. 3 bar. The schematic design of the injection and conditioning rig is illustrated in Fig. 6. The volume of biogas is measured using a rotary meter and is converted using a flow computer. The evaporated LPG (LPG with a high propane fraction) is likewise measured and converted and supplied to the bio natural gas via a static mixer (Fig. 5). The project supervisor at erdgas-schwaben is Tilo Degel. Fig. 5: Volumetric metering system and LPG conditioning system The calorific value of the conditioned bio natural gas is recorded with a quick calorific value measurement. In addition, the correlative gas quality analyzer gaslab Q1 is used (Fig. 6), which also has PTB approval for the officially calibrated measurement of natural gases. It is best suited to this measuring task thanks to the continuous measurement and the short response time (T90 time < 10 s). The measured value is fed forward to the control loop as the actual value. The target calorific value is updated online by erdgasschwaben gmbh at certain time intervals, and serves as the setpoint for gas conditioning. The conditioned bio natural gas is also measured using a rotary meter and is converted using a flow computer. For this the same gas-net F1 is used, which, thanks to its dual-stream design, also converts the pure bio natural gas prior to conditioning.

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Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 P r o d u c t s 11 Fig. 6: Gas quality analysis system with test gas conditioning for 2 two measured gas streams, gas-lab Q1 and EnCal 3000 for biogas (from left to right) An EnCal 3000 for biogas is used for the officially calibrated measurement of the calorific value upstream and downstream of the conditioning system, as already described in the previous part of this publication. The dual-stream unit alternately measures the pure and the conditioned bio natural gas at regular 5 minute intervals. Summary Biogas plants with upgrading and injection capacity place new requirements on gas measurement, particularly on gas quality analysis. In the case of injection, the product quality technical specifications must be complied with and therefore monitored using metrological technology. In addition, the official fiscal gas measurement requirements must be fulfilled. Existing measuring systems for natural gas may be used for these tasks, provided there is an expansion of the relevant approval, although they must be complemented with other measuring instruments in order to satisfy the overall requirements. This article illustrates an integrated gas chromatographic solution of the operational and official measuring tasks as well as an application example in a compact modular injection rig with gas conditioning. The gas chromatograph for biogas presented has been registered at the German National Metrological Institute (PTB) for an official type approval. Dr. Joachim Kastner j.kastner@elster-instromet.com Michael Halm m.halm@elster-instromet.com The biogas chance: Future-oriented technology with the added value of experience When planning injection plants, you can rely on the high-quality components and turnkey system solutions from Elster. Please contact your Elster sales organization/agent or send an e-mail to: biogas@elster.com www.elster-instromet.com

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12 P r o d u c t s Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 Turbine gas meter TRZ2 with new flow straightener: Established quality with a noble look! If you have received a turbine gas meter TRZ2 from Elster over the last few weeks, you will probably have noticed on removing the protective film that the measuring cartridge looks different from usual. Instead of the black plastic flow straightener, since May 2010 an aluminium flow straightener with the same function has been used. On the international markets, a growing number of customers includes a metal flow straightener in their turbine gas meter specifications. We have taken this as an opportunity to introduce an aluminium flow straightener for the complete series production. Internally, the new flow straightener is called AFG, which means Aluminium Flow Guide. The AFG essentially consists of an extruded aluminium section. The changed design and the in-house processing enable even better control of the quality of all components as well as of metrological features. Due to an extension to the approval, the AFG offers the same application possibilities as the plastic flow straightener used for the TRZ2 up until now. New units with nominal diameters DN 80 to DN 150 have already been converted to the aluminium TRZ2 with aluminium flow straightener flow straightener in May 2010. G100 DN 80 will be converted in the third quarter of this year. In the case of repairs, in the future you will also receive a measuring cartridge with an aluminium flow straightener, depending on the required repair category. Because of the extension to the PTB approval, it is also possible to use the AFG with older units. Ultimately, we just wanted to explain to you why things no longer look so "black". High grade quality with a noble look ­ at no extra cost to you! Volker Lötz-Dauer volker.loetz-dauer@elster.com Metering Europe 2010 22 to 24 September in Vienna, Austria Once again Elster will be present at the Metering Europe 2010 as a Gold Sponsor. This premier metering event is the largest show of its kind in Europe. Metering Europe 2010 gives Elster the opportunity to show the market and its customers that Elster is indeed one of the leaders in the industry, not only in Europe, but worldwide. Now more than ever, Elster is able to provide the full energy product value chain, thus enabling multiutility companies of all sizes to deploy smart meter and smart grid solutions to meet today's and tomorrow's challenges. Check back with us in the future to learn about the highlights of the event and we'll also share with you what the key points of interest were for 2010. We will be pleased to be able to greet you to our stand no. F15 in Hall 2. You can find detailed information at: www.metering-europe.com Value chain Geoffrey Riggs geoffrey.riggs@coronis.com

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Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 s m a r t m E t E r i n g 13 The 20/20/20 co-ordinates of energy policy ­ should we continue to wait? Elster steps up to its responsibility Energy policy in Europe is looking intently at the objectives of reducing consumption by 20% by increasing energy efficiency, decreasing CO2 emissions by 20% and increasing the share of renewable energies to 20% by 2020. Measuring energy consumption plays a key role in this. Currently, decentralized electricity and gas injection meets the historical recording of consumption values from centralized injection. In the future, this will not be enough. Transparency from the point of low voltage and low pressure grid through to the point of consumption is part of the infrastructure requirements needed to achieve the aforementioned energy policy objectives. The Elster Group sees itself as a responsible provider on the market for energy data measurement and energy data management. It stands for innovative and recognized solutions for industrial as well as mass consumption measurement. With its products, Elster would like to contribute to helping electricity, gas and water supply companies make their efficiency improvements clearly visible to everyone by providing precise measuring results. It is only on this basis that "smarter grids" (smart grid control), the topic of the future, can be implemented. Smart metering / Smarter grids ­ more than just remote meter reading For Elster, smart metering is more than simply extending remote meter reading to the mass market. It is one of the fundamental infrastructure components for reaching the 20/20/20 targets. Greater quality and quantity of data are needed for this. In the future, transparent consumption profiles of customer segments will form the necessary basis for investment decisions for all levels of the energy supply chain, from generation and grid operation through to the consumer, who may be a producer at the same time. Smart metering delivers this data. Yet many energy supply companies are still waiting for an agreement on the standardization of all levels of communication, which does not appear to be imminent. Elster is therefore prepared to relieve its customers of a large part of the pros and cons argument, and offers complete solutions as a package from a single source (see also the following article). Meter data management supports a number of business processes, including sales, grid operation and procurement Meter data management as part of the Elster smart meter package At the heart of the Elster utilities package for developing a future-oriented and efficient system for recording and processing meter data is the meter data management system (MDMS) EIServer (Energy Information Server). EIServer completes the Elster Group meter and communication portfolio so that energy supply companies can receive a solution that covers everything from the metering point to the interface at the downstream billing, customer management, planning and financial systems from a single source. Use of the EIServer is offered to customers as a service. This means that the user does not need to install or make available any additional resources for the IT infrastructure. EnergyICT, a member company of the Elster Group, already supports notable customers from all over the world with its Software as a Service (SaaS) concept. The success of this concept is due to the reliability of a renowned electronic data processing centre, as well as experience in operating smart metering and energy management solutions by experienced system engineers.

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14 s m a r t m E t E r i n g Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 Customer management Customer expectations Customer relations Strategic approach Success factor Standard tariff customers · Households · Small business customers · Transparent tariffs · Positive branding · Simple means of contact · Reaction to customer behaviour · Anonymous sales · Differentiated processing of identified customer segments · Customer profile · Marketing mix, differentiated according to customer segments · Division of customers into segments · Optimization of service costs · Development of customer value management · Pricing tool · Risk management · Process efficiency Segmentspecific measures for increasing customer profitability · SME customers · Large industrial customers · Redistributors Key Accounts · Own procurement possibilities · International range · Mapping of complex organizations · Optimum price · Layered personal support · Key account management · Management of long-term/complex relationships · Remaining a fullservice provider · Differentiation via prices · Added value by service processes Source: Capgemini Attributes for optimizing customer profitability System engineers work on the support concept together with the energy supply companies, which is then expressed in a service level agreement (SLA). The service level can also be increased during operation, depending on the requirements. The overall introduction, planning and commissioning of the necessary information and communication technology is controlled by Elster Integrated Solutions (EIS). This leads to a considerable reduction in unpredictable points, and the customer may therefore focus on its core business, namely the provision of meters and the associated services. Service portfolios can be developed with suppliers in the network, which allow them to prepare segment-specific offers based on load profiles. On this basis, customers may be divided into different consumption-oriented segments, which enables the creation of new tariff models using further criteria. The supplier can gather experience as to how the consumption profiles positively or negatively influence his procurement plans below the RLM limits. Division of the customers into segments is, as for other branches of industry, the driving force of customer profitability (see figure). Specific analyses can also be carried out for the grid operator at a regional level on the basis of detailed figures, with regard to the effect of injected renewable energy. The topic of smarter grids will be placed on a transparent foundation. The reliability of suppositions and hypotheses can therefore be tested. This software solution enables us to fathom the future role of meter operators and service providers. They are no longer just a supplier for billing figures, but the competent point of contact for analyzing customer behaviour. They can take on this task without discrimination for all market actors as required. Data protection and security Data protection and data security must be integral components of smart metering. For this reason, the Elster Group is a committed member of the expert group 2 "Regulatory recommendations for data safety, data handling and data protection" as part of ESMIG (European Smart Metering Industry Group). ESMIG advises the EU commission on this point. Summary Elster is at your side as a responsible solution partner in order to allow you successful entry into the world of smart metering or the smarter grid. We would also be happy to talk to you personally in more detail. Ernst Kiel e.kiel@energyict.com Focus on business processes This method also means focussing on modified business processes for the customer and the development of new service packages for market partners. This includes the analysis of links with existing back-end systems and business processes.

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Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 s m a r t m E t E r i n g 15 Elster smart metering: medium-sized utility packages Successful pilots and partial roll-outs from a single source Smart metering is a hot topic even for medium-sized utility companies, for which they are preparing and which are already usefully applied in various end-customer segments. Successful implementation and safe investments, however, play an important role here. With this as the background, Elster has now developed an attractive package of hardware, software and services especially for small and medium-sized utilities. With the founding of an interdivisional smart metering competence centre, the Group has adapted to meet the extended range of demands within this topic. From its site in Mainz-Kastel, the international team at Elster Integrated Solutions (EIS) advises energy supply companies even beyond the borders of Europe. EIS takes on smart metering projects, which range from the meter through the communication technology up to meter data management. Project management and service Meters Comm. modules Software For EIS, essential success factors for projects of this kind in the field of SMEs lie in reducing the complexity as much as possible and in having the entire responsibility held by a single supplier, despite the required interoperability. Consequently, Elster now offers standardized multidivisional packages for electricity, gas and water, which are based on a reasonably reduced number of proven solution variants and components. Communication technology The Elster Group is itself a manufacturer of communication modules and is therefore an expert in wireless, GPRS and PLC communication technology. For the smart meter packages on offer therefore, Elster can also provide for the safe transfer of meter data. Services The most important service component is the project management, where Elster sees itself as being responsible for the entire success of the project. The services range from consultancy through to the acceptance of the project and relate to all elements of the smart metering package. Even services provided by the customer can be incorporated by us to the required extent. Software With the EIServer, the Elster Group offers a powerful MDMS (meter data management system). This package comprises all the functions particularly relevant for SMEs which have been compiled from the EIServer's very rich functionality. It begins with meter data reading and validation and covers many important analyses, evaluations and applications. This also includes a workflow for the deployment of smart meters. The solution is available as part of the "Software as a Service" concept (see previous article) for installations from 1000 metering points. Therefore the customer does not need to buy or operate any software, but rather the software is provided as a service. G/E meter measuring device LAN/WAN communication Summary Using the comprehensive solution packages approach, Elster offers a means of combining project success and investment security which is especially suited to the sector of small and medium-sized utilities, thanks to its high level of standardization. We are in a good position with regard to all grid media, so feel free to turn to us for more information. Jörg Klärner joerg.klaerner@elster.com Smart meters For the gas sector, the package refers to the proven Elster diaphragm gas meters, which can be upgraded to smart meters with the use of Absolute ENCODER technology and plug-in communication modules. They are connected to an electricity meter or an external MUC (multi-utility controller) module via M-Bus. From 2011, Elster water meters will also be part of the standard package, which will be connected via M-Bus in a way similar to that for gas meters described above. Data collection Meter data management system M-Bus GPRS ComServerJ M-Bus GPRS Ethernet ComServerJ Data concentrator PLC EIServer GPRS or Ethernet M-Bus

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16 P r o d u c t s Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 Industrial diaphragm gas meter with temperature compensation Flying on the wings of success Nothing spurs you on like success. A successful product is updated and further developed producing a product family. Diaphragm gas meters with mechanical temperature conversion may not have wings per se, but supplement the BK series product family with increasing success. Gas density changes with temperature. In the case of natural gas, as the temperature changes, the calorific value relative to the volume also changes. In accordance with the DVGW Code of Practice G 685, the billing temperature is 15°C. At low temperatures of less than 15°C, the end customer receives more energy (usable heat volume) than what is displayed on an uncompensated gas meter. gas volume at 0°C ma* ~ -5% 15°C 0% 30°C ~ +5% * Measuring deviation of an uncompensated diaphragm gas meter owing to density change. Mechanical temperature conversion for diaphragm gas meters offers the most economic way of compensating temperature influence. The volume of the diaphragm measuring chamber is adjusted using a bimetallic element. At low temperatures, the volume of the measuring chamber is reduced, the consumption indicated is equivalent to the amount of usable heat of the gas. Since billing accuracy has thus been significantly improved, the DVGW Code of Practice G 685 that is accepted in Germany grants network operators and end customers the right to install gas meters with temperature conversion (TC), provided that the operating temperature deviates considerably from 15°C. Since mechanical temperature compensation has been introduced, the number of diaphragm gas meters with TC has risen continuously compared to the number of uncompensated meters. Following the introduction of temperature compensation for the measuring unit of the BK-G4 (1993), this technology was also installed for measuring units V1.2 (BK-G2.5) and V6 (BK-G10 ­ 25). Elster is now extending the product family of the BK range with mechanical TC up to size BK-G100 to meet the requests of many customers. Types BK-G40T, BK-G65T and BK-G100T are expected be available as of September 2010. Connected to this are extensive development activities as well as specification of testing requirements and co-ordination of this with the PTB to comply with the relevant directives. Period of validity of calibration in germany Standard diaphragm Volume correctors gas meters, size alternatively with TC G2,5 ­ G6 8 years G10 12 years 5 years G16 ­ G100 16 years Measuring unit V6T crank plate with bimetallic element In the case of industrial diaphragm gas meters, the temperature influence is usually compensated by electronic volume correctors. In comparison to this, mechanical TC is a relatively cost-effective solution. In addition, the operating costs are noticeably reduced as it is maintenance-free, has a longer service life and, in some countries, longer calibration validity. In Germany, for example, the period of validity of calibration for diaphragm gas meters of sizes G16 to G100 ­ alternatively also with mechanical TC ­ is 16 years. An electronic volume corrector only has a calibration validity of 5 years, however. Unfortunately, industrial diaphragm gas meters cannot fly ­ here Elster offers a cost-effective solution in the field of gas measurement which gives low service life costs as well as investment security for many years. And that means no wings required! Hans Arp hans.arp@elster.com

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Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 s ta n d a r d s 17 MID ­ what does it mean? Tests: the pressure makes all the difference! Now nearly four years have passed since the implementation of the so called MID (Measuring Instruments Directive). In many areas it has gone largely unnoticed, as it brought no changes for users. Furthermore, a transition period applies until 2016. Until then, meters and devices may be calibrated according to conventional regulations as long as the type approval has not expired. A further explanation ­ what is regulated by the MID The European Directive 2004/22/EC regulates the placing on the market and the commissioning of measuring devices for custody transfer in the EU. So far only officially calibrated devices have been allowed to be used for that purpose. The initial official calibration has now been replaced by a conformity assessment procedure by the manufacturer, which strengthens the manufacturer's direct responsibility. A notified body, for example the PTB in Germany, issues an EC type-examination certificate (module B of MID), which replaces the previous type approval. The manufacturer produces and calibrates the devices according to a defined quality system, which is also approved and supervised by a notified body (module D of MID). The calibration authorities are responsible for market surveillance. Instead of the main seal displaying the year of calibration, you will find the CE marking on the main nameplate, including the year of the declaration of conformity. The safety seals bear the identification of the manufacturer, in Elster's case the rhomb of the logo. The aim of the MID Directive is the harmonization of the internal market and the removal of trade barriers in the European Union. Recalibration periods and the recalibration process are still governed by national regulations and remain in Germany for example untouched. For turbine gas meters an important change has become effective with MID calibration. The meters may only be used at an operating pressure which has been covered by the tests and indicated on the nameplate. For a pure low pressure calibration, only an operating pressure of 0 to 4 bar is allowed. For higher pressures, a high pressure calibration is required. With a high pressure calibration, a pressure range of 50% to 200% of the test pressure is covered. In our example, the test pressure of the additional high pressure calibration was 12 bar, which allows an operating pressure from 6 to 24 bar, limited by the design pressure of 16 bar given by PN16. At a test pressure of 8 bar and at atmospheric pressure, you can use a meter for the whole range without gaps between 0 and 16 bar. In Germany this requirement has already been regulated for years by the Technical Guideline TRG 13. For the meters calibrated on external high pressure test rigs, as for example Pigsar in Dorsten, the seal and declaration of conformity are also issued by Elster. This procedure is described in our quality system and part of module D. For most other meters, the end user will notice only minor changes. What is most important is that the quality of the measuring devices and the measuring accuracy requirements will be kept at the high level to which our customers are used. Thomas Kettner thomas.kettner@elster.com

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18 P r o d u c t s Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 Product price is not the price of the product: When the joy of the low price is long since forgotten... Most of us have gone through the process of buying a new inkjet printer. After analyzing our printing needs, we then check out the printers on offer in our local computer store. Having found a model that meets our requirements, we decide to buy online to get the best deal. But was the decision as to which brand and model to buy based purely on the initial cost of the printer? If so, the first time we purchase a new set of ink cartridges may constitute an unpleasant surprise. We may have paid a low price for the printer at the outset but soon wonder why we didn't pay more attention to cartridge cost and ink consumption. The bitterness of the high maintenance costs remains long after the sweetness of the low price has been forgotten! If the situation described above does not sound familiar to you because you did take into account all the future costs of your new purchase, then ­ whether you were aware of it or not ­ you have based your decision on the total cost of ownership or TCO of the printer, rather than on initial cost price or gut feelings. The concept of using the TCO as a part of the decision making process in purchasing is not very new. It has gained popularity since the eighties and has mainly been used in the IT industry and in the automotive industry. Its origin however is much older, as the first document in which it appears is a manual of the American Railway Engineering Association from 1929! In the gas industry, we as a supplier of metering equipment are confronted with TCO as part of tendering procedures, in which the vendor is requested to make a TCO analysis of the offered goods. Let's have a look at how a TCO analysis could impact your decision on the purchase of, for example, our gas chromatograph EnCal 3000. Since we don't want to make it too complex, we will just focus on factors that have a technical and logistical background like utility consumption, maintenance costs, repair costs and engineering and installation costs. Gas chromatographs in the natural gas industry normally use helium as a carrier gas and further consume electrical power, calibration gas, sample gas and in some cases compressed air to purge the housing (explosion proof protection) or to control pneumatically operated valves. In case of the EnCal 3000, the concept of the system is such that some of these utilities are not required at all, while the others are all minimized. Since the EnCal 3000 is based on the Ex-d explosion proof protection method, it does not require compressed air. The valves inside the EnCal 3000 used for injection and stream switching are electrically operated solenoid valves and thus do not need any pneumatic activation in the form of compressed air or helium. And last but not least, the overall design of the system is such that the helium consumption is extremely low. While most GCs for natural gas analysis do not need compressed air, low helium consumption is a true differentiator. Traditional gas chromatographs may use up to five cylinders of helium per year, whereas the EnCal 3000 only uses one cylinder per year. This is the result of the MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) technology applied in the EnCal 3000. Quantifying this helium consumption and comparing it with the helium consumption EnCal 3000's modular construction reduces downtimes in the gas station of other types of GCs will result in a relatively positive (= low) contribution of this factor to the total cost of ownership. Since helium is becoming a more and more scarce resource, the cost difference between one and five cylinders will be at least 4 x 300 euros each year for the gas and cylinders only. If we add up the logistics involved and the manpower to replace bottles more frequently, we may end up with a difference in helium consumption costs amounting to somewhere between 2500 and 3000 euros per year. Over the complete life span of let's say 10 years this would sum up to 25000 to 30000 euros which is close or equal to the initial cost price of the gas chromatograph itself! Maintenance and repair costs are another factor to take into account. Of course this is where it becomes a bit tricky, because the quantity of repairs is hard to predict and is dependent on several factors such as ambient conditions, installation effects and the cleanness of the gas or quality of

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Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 P r o d u c t s 19 the gas conditioning system. Since the EnCal 3000 is designed as a modular system, the downtime of the system after a technical problem is usually very short. More traditional gas chromatographs that are not modular in their setup normally require repair work on a component basis. Since this type of GC normally needs long stabilization time following repair, this is a time-consuming process that in many cases takes more than a day, because a reliable recalibration of the unit can only take place on the second day when the GC has been able to stabilize overnight. In the case of the EnCal 3000, we are able to perform a reliable and stable recalibration of the GC within one hour after replacement of any component or module, even if the complete analytical module (injector, column and detector) has been replaced. This means that any repair can be done within one day, thus saving 1 day of labour and an additional overnight stay. On top of that, it may well be the case that additional costs are involved for you as an end user when the fiscal measurement system is running without a live input of a gas chromatograph. The energy calculation for that time span will be performed based on fixed values rather than live values and correction may be required afterwards, costing valuable time and money. Since these factors are hard to quantify for us it may be worth the effort to perform your own TCO analysis for this kind of TCO contributors. The result may well be that costs of goods for a repair are less important than the total downtime of the system. The last point we want to highlight is the cost of engineering and installation. Once a decision has been made for a specific type of gas chromatograph, the job is not finished, it's only just beginning. The gas chromatograph needs to be integrated in a system, requiring engineering and installation work. The costs involved in this stage are often not taken into account in the decision making process. One of the advantages Product price Scrap cost Environmental impact Customer perception Labour cost Warranty cost Training and education Risk management and safety Unplanned downtime Cost of field failure Replacement cost Inspection cost the EnCal 3000 offers is that it includes a stream selection system with an integrated sample bypass. This means that if the gas chromatograph is used for more than one stream, no additional valves are required for stream switching. Some GCs on the market are single stream systems that even require external valves to be able to perform the daily calibration. Since a well designed stream switching system is based on double block and bleed configuration, the costs involved will be at least a 1000 euros for calibration gas only and several thousand if more streams are to be analyzed. The EnCal 3000 offers the calibration gas switching as standard and each additional stream for less than 700 euros per stream. On top of that it is common engineering practice to design a sample bypass loop for each individual stream. In the EnCal 3000 system this sample bypass loop is included in the stream selection design as a standard eliminating the need for external sample bypass systems. This results in savings of at least 300 euros per stream. Another advantage of this internal bypass is that it reduces the total emission of sample gas, since the internal bypass will only work for the next stream to be analyzed, whereas external sample bypasses will continuously vent gas, even if the stream at that time is not to be analyzed at all. Depending on the number of streams involved, the internal sample stream selection and sample bypass may save at least between 1000 to 5000 euros in consideration of the additional engineering, construction and installation time. Of course the above examples are far from complete and some of the figures are subject to discussion, but they do give some indication of the impact that TCO could have on your decision. It does take some time and effort to think of all the cost involved, time and effort that we as a vendor have already spent for you when designing our systems. We are happy to spend this time for and with you because we do not only want you to have a good feeling when signing the contract, but also in the 10 years that follow. Addy Baksteen addy.baksteen@elster.com

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P r o d u c t s Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 Elster industrial measuring devices with a new label design A maze of labels or amazing protection? In my car on the daily commute to work, I often pass a number of traffic signs. It is doubtful whether this "maze" of signposts along the side of the road is really beneficial for all road users. Marking and signposting is certainly designed to be helpful and ensure safety. Whenever it is a matter of operating devices correctly and safely therefore, it is just as important to affix a label for "protection". In addition, we would also like to account for the wish of certain customers, who have requested that a specific meter number also be affixed to the meter. All of these requirements have lead to a new Elster concept for labelling rotary and turbine gas meters. 1 All the metrological data, including the approval symbol (national, EC or MID), are printed on the main plate. 2 On a separate label, only those data are printed which are additionally necessary for PED and ATEX and which deviate from the metrological information. The temperature ranges, for example, are not always identical for MID and PED. The labels are mandatory and are recorded in the metrological and safety-relevant approval documentation. They form an integral part of these approvals and can therefore not be changed at will. Additional labels can be affixed to the meter if required, which are not subject to approvals. The previously desired logos, from international sales organizations among others, had to be banned from our main plate due to the obligation to provide clear identification of the manufacturer. This request may nevertheless still be met with an additional label. If required, a customer-specific number and/or barcode can also be affixed at an easily accessible point on the index head. Whether a sign maze or a sign of protection ­ with Elster's new labelling concept both legal requirements and the customers' wishes may be equally met. We would be happy to advise you as to the points of which you must be aware. After all, only a correct label is a seal of quality. Michael Franz michael.franz@elster.com When it comes to gas meters, this involves defining the minimum and maximum operating conditions, such as flow rate, pressure and temperature. From a legal perspective, the requirements of European Directives must also be met. In addition to the "Laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment ... 97/23/EC" (PED) and the "Laws ... concerning equipment and protective systems ... in potentially explosive atmospheres" 94/9/EC (ATEX), the "Directive 2004/22/EC ... on measuring equipment" (MID) has also been in force since 2006. All the Directives set out detailed requirements of the manufacturer with regard to labelling a device. Among other things, the manufacturer must be clearly recognizable.

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Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 P r o d u c t s 21 Elster Instromet UK and Elster Metering Limited are proud to present the latest version of Orpheus: The new Orpheus ... unleashed! Originally designed on the principles of reliability, easy maintenance and low whole-life cost, the Orpheus has an excellent proven track record within the UK and global markets, offering a versatile solution for any natural gas network operator. The Orpheus has recently undergone some major redevelopments to make it more adaptable to various applications, as determined by the customer's requirements. Many people will know that the Orpheus was originally developed as a completely self-contained pressure reduction module for "below ground installation". This has taken an about turn and the Orpheus can now be installed in above ground applications too. Orpheus Cartridge Concept Module Design benefits Designed with maintenance and low whole-life cost in mind, all Orpheus variants have the same top access cartridge design, offering a wide range of benefits for any installation. First, they have a smaller footprint than traditional pressure reduction stations resulting in reduced land costs. Second, the large filter area means inspection and maintenance periods are extended. In addition to this, there is one single access point for maintenance or inspection of the filter, main regulator and the slam-shut device. The potential risk of leakage is reduced thanks to the minimal number of flanged joints. The design uses the well-proven and reliable axial flow valve and associated control pilots as well as a renowned ball and cage safety shutoff mechanism. A full range of control systems is available. The new Orpheus above and the below ground installation Benefits of below ground applications Installing pressure reduction modules below ground offers an environmental benefit compared to the traditional above ground design and it was for this purpose that the Orpheus was originally developed. There are many other advantages to below ground installations. Land costs can be eliminated or reduced and this is a key driver for urban installations. Noise levels are lower (less than 60 dBa) and below ground installations are much more aesthetically pleasing. Furthermore, the planning process is simplified. Cost savings are achieved by removing the necessity for a kiosk. The environmental impact is reduced as is the risk of sabotage, vandalism and their associated costs. Moreover, there is a lower risk of automobile collision for roadside installations. design, thus facilitating ease of access for maintenance. It has a smaller footprint compared to traditional AGI designs and a full range of kiosk options and finishes is available. Options As with conventional pressure reduction modules, the entire Orpheus range can be supplied with a vent stack, data logger, pressure gauges, alarms, clock control, profile control, stream selection and a metering system (with AMR). The stream replacement option and the compact design of the Orpheus mean that "existing stations" can be easily upgraded without the need for expensive new connections. The new additional range of options makes for an extremely versatile solution leaving almost nothing to be desired. Come and see for yourself. Further technical details or a brochure can be requested at: sales@elster-instromet.co.uk Nick Williams n.williams@elster-instromet.co.uk Applications There are many different applications such as district installations, housing developments, mixed residential and commercial developments, along with small industrial developments. It can also be used for reinforcement applications in existing supply networks. Benefits of above ground applications Where land and noise restrictions are not a constraint or where the prevailing climate conditions mean that an above ground module is preferred, Elster Instromet can provide the Orpheus in an above ground

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22 a P P l i c at i o n s Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 Preheating with saving effect: gas-net F1 ­ an energy balance centre New technologies lead to new considerations and new ideas. This also applies to equipment for gas measuring and control systems. The possibilities provided by the micro gas turbines which are now available allow new techniques for preheating natural gas ­ a necessary evil for control systems with high differential pressure. The German gas supplier DREWAG Netz GmbH has taken a new route in this respect while Elster, its partner, is supplying a measurement device which can handle all forms of energy: the gas-net F1. The micro gas turbine makes it all possible For a definition, let's first look at Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia on the internet. In the section on gas turbines it states that: "Microturbines are becoming widespread for distributed power and combined heat and power applications. They are one of the most promising technologies for powering hybrid electric vehicles. They range from hand held units producing less than a kilowatt, to commercial sized systems that produce tens or hundreds of kilowatts. ... Microturbine systems have many advantages over reciprocating engine generators, such as higher powerto-weight ratio, extremely low emissions and few, or just one, moving part. ... They accept most commercial fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, propane, diesel, and kerosene as well as renewable fuels such as E85, biodiesel and biogas." used to preheat gas, the structure actually "designs itself". The block diagram shows in very simple terms how the components interact. The fuel for the micro gas turbine in this application is, of course, natural gas; the consumption is measured by a rotary gas meter. The measurements of volume, pressure and temperature as well as the gas quality data are transferred to the flow computer whereas the gas quality is measured by an Elster gas-net Q1. The electrical energy converted by the micro gas turbine is fed into the power supply network. The heat energy remains in the measuring system where it is used beneficially to preheat the gas. The existing boilers are retained in unmodified form, and the extended water circuit for the micro gas turbine is connected using a hydraulic valve. From a technical point of view, that is all you need. Over and above the actual technology, however, mention should also be made of the fact that the carbon footprint of the process is dramatically improved by using a micro gas turbine. Micro gas turbine in a gas regulating and metering station Micro gas turbines in gas regulating and metering stations So why do we need a micro gas turbine in a gas regulating and metering station? Micro gas turbines always make sense if, in addition to conversion to electrical energy, a system can also put the heat energy simultaneously converted to a reasonable use. If, in the case of a gas regulating and metering station, somebody comes to the conclusion that this heat could be Block diagram of the components Electricity meter Heizkessel Boiler Heat meter Gas preheating system Measurement device gas-net F1 for all occasions Well why not? An extremely interesting project discussion produced some remarkable results: · Install a micro gas turbine for heat and electricity generation in a gas distribution station? Well why not? · The heating value is measured in all gas distribution stations of DREWAG Netz GmbH. Record the gas volumes of the micro gas turbine as energy? Well why not? Micro gas turbine gas-net F1 flow computer acting as the energy centre ... Telecontrol connection

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Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 a P P l i c at i o n s 23 · Record, register and forward the electrical and heat energy to balance the energy flows? Well why not? · Record, register and forward the monitoring data of the micro gas turbine? Well why not? · Record, register and forward weather data in and around the station? Well why not? · Use lots of equipment for this? Well why? · Connection to the micro gas turbine via Modbus; monitoring the operating parameters of the turbine (e.g. generator, inverter, compressor, turbine), recording of faults in an operations logbook; additional facility to remote control the micro gas turbine using the Modbus interface (e.g. on/off) · Measurement of climate data such as indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity and other weather data by connecting additional sensors; cyclical archiving in a process value archive · Connection to the remote control centre via IP network and the IEC 60870-5-104 telecontrol protocol; provision of all energy meters (fuel, active electrical energy, heat volume); provision of the current climate data; provision of the health status of all devices; facility to remote control the micro gas turbine via the control room · Connection to the remote billing centre via IP network; provision of the fiscal billing archive for the natural gas; provision of the process value archive for all other types of energy and climate data; provision of the operations logbook the energy types. With an average consumption of 210 kWh of natural gas per hour, a typical level of 47 kWh of electrical energy is fed into the power supply network. At the same time, approx. 110 kWh are converted into heat energy and used to preheat the gas. We can perform a rough calculation of the Joule Thomson effect for this application. As an example we can assume that a gas expansion takes place from 40 to 20 bar at a base flow rate of 30,000 m³/h and an input temperature of +10°C. Based on an input heat energy of 110 kWh, the resulting gas temperature downstream of the regulator is approx. +6°C. In addition to the heat volume supplied by the existing boilers, this heat volume is sufficient for operating the DREWAG stations in low and base load condition. Operating experience The use of micro gas turbines in gas regulating and metering stations can be regarded as a good idea if the electrical and heat energy can be used locally. Feeding it into the power supply network presupposes that the network operator After all, you can place your trust in a single measurement device to take care of all your information technology tasks: the Elster flow computer gas-net F1. Its main purpose, of course, is the fiscal measurement, conversion and calculation of the energy content of the fuel for the micro gas turbine. But that is by no means everything that the gas-net F1 can do for the application. As a result of its extensive and flexible additional non-fiscal functions, in this application it can act as an energy and monitoring centre. That means that the gas-net F1 is connected with all the other devices using digital communication lines in point-to-point connections so that it can exchange information with them. As the block diagram shows, the gas-net F1 also performs the following tasks: · Connection to the heat meter via Modbus (connected Modbus/M-BUS gateway); cyclical recording of the heat volume, hourly archiving of the heat energy in a process value archive; additional monitoring of the heat meter, recording of faults in an operations logbook · Connection to the electricity meter using a pulse interface; conversion of the pulses into active electrical energy, hourly archiving of the active energy in a process value archive Energy balance (all values in kWh) 200 Natural gas Electricity Heat 2.5.2010 21:00 4.5.2010 13:00 6.5.2010 05:00 7.5.2010 21:00 9.5.2010 11.5.2010 12.5.2010 14.5.2010 15.5.2010 17.5.2010 13:00 05:00 21:00 13:00 05:00 21:00 This means that, in addition to its main function as a flow computer for fiscal measurements, the gas-net F1 acts as a central system for the micro gas turbine itself and for all the equipment which supports the function of the turbine. While saving on other monitoring equipment, it consoli dates all the main data which allows the entire technical process to be observed, controlled and assessed either locally or remotely. Energy balance of the micro gas turbine The diagram shows an extract from the hourly recorded process value archive of will purchase it. Naturally any servicing and maintenance work should only be carried out by trained personnel. Therefore it is important to become familiar with the new components in good time. In addition, the turbine has proved to be a precise piece of equipment for accurate gas temperature control. The micro gas turbine reacts faster than a boiler and therefore has a positive effect on the control properties. Roberto Heider roberto_heider@drewag-netz.de Dr. Ulrich George u.george@elster-instromet.com

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24 E v E n t s Elster-Instromet Profiles 2/2010 26 ­ 29 October 2010, 28th International Workshop, St Andrews, Scotland North Sea Flow Measurement Elster-Instromet will be presenting Integrated Metering Solutions by showing a complete demo installation including the new bi-directional SM-RI-2 turbine gas meter and the next generation ultrasonic flow meter Q.Sonic plus. Other highlights are the new flow computer FC 1 and the ISS plus demo software. The new Q.Sonic plus includes a localized display unit, all metal transducers, multi-point calibration (enabling a 0.1% meter), along with the UniGuard PC user software. The unit meets the requirements of ISO/CD 17089 Part 1, AGA-9 and OIML R-137-1". More information about the programme and schedule can be found on the homepage www.tuvnel.com. sector B, stand 6 Fairmont st. andrews Hotel 24 ­ 26 November 2010, Taipei, Taiwan GASEX ­ Conference & Exhibition GASEX (a.k.a. Gas Information Exchange for the Western Pacific Area) is the Western Pacific region's official platform for the gas industry and comprises 15 member economies, including Australia, Brunei Darussalam, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand and Vietnam. The biennial GASEX Conference & Exhibition is the only forum dedicated to the natural gas industry in the Western Pacific Asia region. For the last two decades, GASEX has become one of the most important events in Asia in the pursuit of best practices in gas utilization safety & reliability, high efficiency of natural gas technology and reducing carbon emissions into the environment, etc. With the theme "Pursuing the Cooperative Paradigm on Environment, Energy and Economy", the GASEX 2010 Conference and Exhibition aims to bring together the best minds in the gas industry to share and exchange their views, knowledge and expertise. We at Elster-Instromet would like to take this opportunity to present our range of solutions and services, and to discuss the day-to-day issues relating to gas measurement and control with our valued customers. Throughout the three days of exhibition, our stand will be home to our specialists from various affiliates, who will gladly make themselves available to all visitors. We look forward to seeing you at stand a39 ­ a54, Exhibition Hall 1, Zone a in the taipei World trade center, Taipei, Taiwan. 1 ­ 4 November 2010, Abu Dhabi ADIPEC 2010 The Elster-Instromet Middle East team is looking forward to welcoming you at the ADIPEC 2010. ADIPEC is held at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates from 1 ­ 4 November 2010. You will find us in hall 8, at the german Pavilion at stand 08070 B Come and enjoy our hospitality and discover the Elster world of technology ­ leading technology for Integrated Metering Solutions and innovated gas metering products.